Educational technology - Wikipedia. Educational technology is defined by the Association for Educational Communications and Technology as . It encompasses several domains, including learning theory, computer- based training, online learning, and, where mobile technologies are used, m- learning. Educational technology is not restricted to high technology. Accordingly, virtual education refers to a form of distance learning in which course content is delivered by various methods such as course management applications, multimedia resources, and videoconferencing. Writing slates and blackboards have been used for at least a millennium. From the early twentieth century, duplicating machines such as the mimeograph and Gestetner stencil devices were used to produce short copy runs (typically 1. The use of media for instructional purposes is generally traced back to the first decade of the 2. The first all multiple choice, large scale assessment was the Army Alpha, used to assess the intelligence and more specifically the aptitudes of World War I military recruits. Further large- scale use of technologies was employed in training soldiers during and after WWII using films and other mediated materials, such as overhead projectors. The concept of hypertext is traced to description of memex by Vannevar Bush in 1. Slide projectors were widely used during the 1. Cuisenaire rods were devised in the 1. In 1. 96. 0, the University of Illinois initiated a classroom system based in linked computer terminals where students could access informational resources on a particular course while listening to the lectures that were recorded via some form of remotely linked device like a television or audio device. Atlas Corps Current Fellows - Atlas Corps is an international exchange organization offering Fellowships in the United States and Latin America. Atkinson experimented with using computers to teach arithmetic and spelling via Teletypes to elementary school students in the Palo Alto Unified School District in California. In 1. 96. 3, Bernard Luskin installed the first computer in a community college for instruction. Working with Stanford and others he helped develop computer- assisted instruction. What’s world class about World Campus? Find out about our history, our faculty, and why more and more students choose World Campus. Read what our students say about us. With an Honours Bachelor of Technology - Software Development, your career opportunities could be as diverse as they are exciting and rewarding. Learn at your own place and pace with SKF E-learning courses. These courses cover a wide range of product and technology topics and complement the courses taught by. Browse LCMS, LMS and Saba content selected by the eLearning Learning community. Searching for NAPBC-Accredited Centers. Accreditation by the National Accreditation Program for Breast Centers (NAPBC) is granted only to those centers that are.Working with the Rand Corporation, Luskin's landmark UCLA dissertation in 1. In 1. 97. 1, Ivan Illich published a hugely influential book called, Deschooling Society, in which he envisioned . The 1. 97. 0s and 1. Murray Turoff and Starr Roxanne Hiltz at the New Jersey Institute of Technology. In the UK the Council for Educational Technology supported the use of educational technology, in particular administering the government's National Development Programme in Computer Aided Learning. In computer- based training (CBT) or computer- based learning (CBL), the learning interaction was between the student and computer drills or micro- world simulations. Digitized communication and networking in education started in the mid- 1. Educational institutions began to take advantage of the new medium by offering distance learning courses using computer networking for information. Early e- learning systems, based on computer- based learning/training often replicated autocratic teaching styles whereby the role of the e- learning system was assumed to be for transferring knowledge, as opposed to systems developed later based on computer supported collaborative learning (CSCL), which encouraged the shared development of knowledge. Videoconferencing was an important forerunner to the educational technologies known today. This work was especially popular with Museum Education. Even in recent years, videoconferencing has risen in popularity to reach over 2. United States and Canada in 2. Disadvantages of this form of educational technology are readily apparent: image and sound quality is often grainy or pixelated; videoconferencing requires setting up a type of mini- television studio within the museum for broadcast, space becomes an issue; and specialised equipment is required for both the provider and the participant. In 1. 99. 4, Simon and Schuster was the one of first to pioneer in this area, launching the New Media Group through its then Higher- Ed subsidiary Prentice Hall. Among the New Media Group. This series was the first successful delivery of online video lectures to universities. Eric Mazur presenting on Peer Instruction. In 1. 99. 7, Graziadei described criteria for evaluating products and developing technology- based courses that include being portable, replicable, scalable, affordable, and having a high probability of long- term cost- effectiveness. The National Center for Education Statistics estimate the number of K- 1. According to a 2. U. S Department of Education, during the 2. In contrast, CBT/CBL usually means individualized (self- study) learning, while CMC involves educator/tutor facilitation and requires scenarization of flexible learning activities. In addition, modern ICT provides education with tools for sustaining learning communities and associated knowledge management tasks. Students growing up in this digital age have extensive exposure to a variety of media. E- learning theory examines these approaches. These theoretical perspectives are grouped into three main theoretical schools or philosophical frameworks: behaviorism, cognitivism and constructivism. Behaviorism. Many psychologists used these results to develop theories of human learning, but modern educators generally see behaviorism as one aspect of a holistic synthesis. Teaching in behaviorism has been linked to training, emphasizing the animal learning experiments. Since behaviorism consists of the view of teaching people how to something with rewards and punishments, it is related to training people. Skinner wrote extensively on improvements of teaching based on his functional analysis of verbal behavior. Ogden Lindsley developed a learning system, named Celeration, that was based on behavior analysis but that substantially differed from Keller's and Skinner's models. Cognitivism. While retaining the empirical framework of behaviorism, cognitive psychology theories look beyond behavior to explain brain- based learning by considering how human memory works to promote learning. The Atkinson- Shiffrin memory model and Baddeley's working memory model were established as theoretical frameworks. Computer Science and Information Technology have had a major influence on Cognitive Science theory. The Cognitive concepts of working memory (formerly known as short term memory) and long term memory have been facilitated by research and technology from the field of Computer Science. Another major influence on the field of Cognitive Science is Noam Chomsky. Today researchers are concentrating on topics like cognitive load, information processing and media psychology. These theoretical perspectives influence instructional design. This form of constructivism has a primary focus on how learners construct their own meaning from new information, as they interact with reality and with other learners who bring different perspectives. Constructivist learning environments require students to use their prior knowledge and experiences to formulate new, related, and/or adaptive concepts in learning (Termos, 2. Under this framework the role of the teacher becomes that of a facilitator, providing guidance so that learners can construct their own knowledge. Constructivist educators must make sure that the prior learning experiences are appropriate and related to the concepts being taught. Jonassen (1. 99. 7) suggests . Educators utilizing a constructivist perspective may emphasize an active learning environment that may incorporate learner centered problem based learning, project- based learning, and inquiry- based learning, ideally involving real- world scenarios, in which students are actively engaged in critical thinking activities. An illustrative discussion and example can be found in the 1. For example, 'hybrid learning' or 'blended learning' may refer to classroom aids and laptops, or may refer to approaches in which traditional classroom time is reduced but not eliminated, and is replaced with some online learning. Synchronous learning occurs in real- time, with all participants interacting at the same time, while asynchronous learning is self- paced and allows participants to engage in the exchange of ideas or information without the dependency of other participants. Examples are face- to- face discussion, online real- time live teacher instruction and feedback, Skype conversations, and chat rooms or virtual classrooms where everyone is online and working collaboratively at the same time. Since students are working collaboratively, synchronized learning helps students create an open mind because they have to listen and learn from their peers. Synchronized learning fosters online awareness and improves many students' writing skills. At the professional educational level, training may include virtual operating rooms. Asynchronous learning is beneficial for students who have health problems or who have child care responsibilities. They have the opportunity to complete their work in a low stress environment and within a more flexible time frame. If they need to listen to a lecture a second time, or think about a question for a while, they may do so without fearing that they will hold back the rest of the class. Through online courses, students can earn their diplomas more quickly, or repeat failed courses without the embarrassment of being in a class with younger students. Students have access to an incredible variety of enrichment courses in online learning, and can participate in college courses, internships, sports, or work and still graduate with their class. On the other hand, the technological convergence of the mass media is the result of a long adaptation process of their communicative resources to the evolutionary changes of each historical moment. Thus, the new media became (plurally) an extension of the traditional media on the cyberspace, allowing the public to access information in a wide range of digital devices.
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